Enhancing Teaching and Learning Practices in Malaysia

Improving Teaching and Learning Practices in Malaysia Instruction is one of the primary essentials in working up a country. In Malaysia, instruction has consistently been the top need of the administration. About a fourth of the administration 5 years financial plan is apportioned to the service of training to keep up great instruction framework in this nation. The vision of the administration is to make Malaysia a focal point of instructive greatness. There are three degrees of training in Malaysia which are the essential instruction a time of six years, that is, from Standard One to Standard Six; optional instruction five years, that is, from Form One to Form Five; and the tertiary degree of training. Endless supply of auxiliary instruction, qualified understudies can pick to seek after two years of post-optional training, Form Six. This is the college entrance preliminary course. The pre-tertiary training (pre-school to post-auxiliary instruction) is under the purview of the Ministry of Education (MOE) while tertiary or advanced educ ation is the obligation of the Ministry of Higher Education (MOHE). [1] Instruction is a need of the Federal Government of Malaysia and it is resolved to give quality training to all. A large portion of the Five-Year Malaysian Plans have put extraordinary significance on instruction, preparing and long lasting learning. In accordance with more noteworthy spotlight on human turn of events, a normal of around twenty-one percent of the absolute spending distribution has been apportioned for the use of instruction and preparing improvement. The national way of thinking of instruction expresses that Education in Malaysia is a continuous exertion towards further building up the capability of people in a comprehensive and coordinated way in order to deliver people who are mentally, profoundly, genuinely and truly adjusted and agreeable, in view of a firm confidence in and commitment to God. It is intended to create Malaysian residents who are proficient and capable, have high good norms, and are mindful and fit for accomplishing a significant level of individua l prosperity just as to add to the advancement of the family, society and country at large.â [2]â So as to help Vision 2020 the training framework is changing which involve changing the way of life and practices of Malaysias essential and optional schools, moving endlessly from memory-based figuring out how to instruction that invigorates thinking, imagination, obliges singular capacities and learning styles, and dependent on a progressively impartial access. Simultaneously, Malaysia is starting numerous methodologies so as to stay aware of the changing scene and current needs which will produce an all around organized advancement of advanced education. The administration has additionally obviously sketched out the vital pushes in the National Higher Education Strategic Plan to make Malaysia a global focal point of instructive greatness by 2020.â [3]â MALAYSIAN EDUCATION SYSTEM Instruction is the duty of the Federal Government. Malaysias national instruction framework is isolated into pre-tertiary and tertiary training. There are two administering experts for the training part. Pre-tertiary instruction, that is, from pre-school to auxiliary training, is under the locale of the Ministry of Education (MOE) while tertiary instruction or advanced education is the duty of the Ministry of Higher Education (MOHE). Under the national instruction framework, a kid starts his/her training with pre-school instruction at four years old and will be conceded into the main year of the six years mandatory essential training when the youngster arrives at the age of six on the principal day of January of the present school year. The administration gives eleven years of free essential and auxiliary instruction. Most schools in the nation are government or government-helped schools and various tuition based schools. The school begins in January and finishes in November. Underst udies sit for regular open assessments toward the finish of essential, lower optional, dinner auxiliary and 6th structure levels.â [4]â Pre-school Education. Pre-school training is a piece of the National Education System under the Education Act, 1996. The point of pre-school training is to give a firm establishment to formal instruction. Pre-schools are controlled by government offices, non-legislative associations (NGOs) just as private organizations. The significant government organizations that are liable for pre-school instruction are the Ministry of Education (MOE), the Ministry of Rural Development, and the Ministry of National Unity and Community Development. Youngsters select between the ages of four and six and all pre-schools need to stand the educational program rules set by the Ministry of Education. The educational program empowers pre-younger students to gain adequate bowl correspondence, social and other positive aptitudes in anticipation of essential tutoring. The learning segments incorporate language and correspondence, physical turn of events, intellectual turn of events, good and profound develop ment, socio-passionate turn of events, tasteful and imagination. Essential Education. Essential instruction is isolated into two stages stage 1: Year 1-3 and stage 2: Year 4-6. Training at this level intends to furnish the youngster with a firm establishment in the fundamental aptitudes of perusing, composing and number juggling, just as underlining suspecting abilities and qualities over the educational program. While instruction at this level isn't obligatory, more than ninety-nine percent of this age-bunch are taken a crack at elementary schools all through the nation. There are two kinds of schools at the essential level the National Schools and the National-Type Schools. In the National Schools the mode of guidance is the Malay language which is the national language. The vehicle of guidance in the National-Type Schools is either Chinese language or Tamil language. in the two kinds of schools, the Malay language is a mandatory subject. English is necessary and is educated as a second language in all schools. Chinese, Tamil and indigenous dial ects are likewise offered as subjects in national schools.â [5]â Optional Education. Auxiliary training is essentially an expansion of essential level instruction. Training at this level is general in nature and is separated into lower and upper optional level, and an extraordinary year progress program known as Remove Class for students from the National-Type Chinese and Tamil Primary Schools.â [6]â Expel Class. Evacuate Class is a change year for understudies from the Chinese and Tamil medium schools to get adequate capability in the national language to empower them to learn thereby the next year. Be that as it may, understudies who have performed well in the Primary Assessment Test (UPSR Ujian Penilaian Sekolah Rendah) toward the finish of Year 6, are permitted to continue straightforwardly to Form 1. Lower Secondary Level (Form 1-Form 3). This level covers a time of three years. Instruction at this level is general in nature. All subjects are center subjects and obligatory for all. Chinese, language, Tamil language and Arabic language (Communication) are offered as extra subjects. Upon culmination, students sit for a typical assessment, that is, the Lower Secondary Assessment (PMR Penilaian Menengah Rendah). Upper Secondary (Form 4-5). Training at this level covers a time of two years. Other than following the general instruction program, understudies start to work in the science, expressions, specialized, professional and strict order. Explicit schools are assigned for each control. These schools are scholastic schools, specialized schools, professional schools and strict schools. Upon finish, understudies sit for the Malaysian Certificate of Education (SPM Sijil Pelajaran Malaysia) assessment. Auxiliary Technical Schools. Optional specialized training is planned for delivering a sufficient pool of qualified understudies who exceed expectations in arithmetic and science, just as in fundamental designing subjects. Understudies in auxiliary specialized schools follow a similar center subjects of upper optional school educational program and pick science and specialized subjects as electives. Admission to these schools is through application dependent on the PMR results, and just understudies with solid foundation in Mathematics and Science are chosen. Understudies from these schools are required to proceed with their examinations in science and innovation related courses at the more significant levels just as in cutting edge aptitudes. Optional Vocational Schools. These schools give courses in pre-work aptitudes just as general training. Courses are offered in two streams professional instruction stream and aptitudes training stream. In the previous, accentuation is given to general and specialized subjects so as to furnish understudies with a decent establishment for entrance into polytechnics or other higher foundations. In the abilities stream accentuation is given to down to earth work to create competency in exchange aptitudes required by related enterprises. Understudies are set up for the National Vocational Training Certificate. Endless supply of eleven years of free instruction, further training is not, at this point programmed yet is dependent upon the people scholarly execution and monetary dependability. These upper optional school graduates, that is, Form Five leavers, can select to proceed with their instruction in present auxiliary schools on get a pre-college capability, for example, the Sixth Form or Matriculation program or GCE ALevel, or further their training at tertiary or higher foundations. Advanced education incorporates authentication, certificate, students just as postgraduate examinations. Undergrad contemplates comprise of Bachelors qualification levels and expert investigations while postgraduate examinations comprise of Masters degrees and PhD levels. For the most part, advanced education at the confirmation level is for optional school endorsement holders, that is, Form Five (Sijil Pelajaran Malaysia or SPM) from the age of seventeen onwards. The Bachelors qualification is for understu dies from the age of nineteen onwards with post-optional qualif

Same Sex Schools vs Co-Ed Schools

Synopsis: The legislature of Trinidad and Tobago has been proposing the plan to present increasingly same co-instruction schools. Co-training implies young men and young ladies going to a similar school and having similar study halls. Albeit, as indicated by the article understudies who go to same sex schools scholastically beat those in co-instructive schools, especially female same sex schools. A contention reasons that co-instructive schools help with the concealed educational plan of schools. Hypothetical Discussion:Education is one part of socialization: it includes the securing of information and the learning of abilities, regardless of whether, purposefully or inadvertently, instruction regularly likewise assists with forming convictions and virtues. (Haralambos 2004). The instruction framework comprise of a formal and a concealed educational plan, formal, being the normalized educational program which experts are recruited to relate the educational plan inside a homeroom sett ing and the shrouded educational plan are the social mentalities and qualities educated in school that get ready youngsters to acknowledge the prerequisites of grown-up life and to fit into the social, political and monetary statuses the general public provides.It is by and large recognizedâ that young ladies improve scholastically at single sex schools, as do young men. The hypothesis is that since young ladies develop quicker than young men and it very well may be hard for educators to suit the distinctions being developed rates in a co-instruction condition. Other contributing elements are just that there are less interruptions for the two young men and young ladies in a solitary sex environment.Another advantage of a solitary sex training is the opportunity to settle on instructive decisions without stressing that you might be the main young lady or kid in the class or the danger of judgment since you need to concentrate generally manly subjects like material science and specia lized drawing, or customarily girly subjects like writing and home instruction. The inquiry is; are these single sex schools making socially empowered people? A co-instructive condition possibly increasingly intelligent of society this is on the grounds that it empowers rivalry among young men and girls.Both genders normally will contend with one another in tests and that serious soul will urge everybody to give a valiant effort. Likewise, it imitates essential other gender connection which is verifiably present and required in the public eye, thusly, they get an alternate point of view of things just as figure out how to comprehend each other better. With the cooperation in class, even the shyest understudy will feel great with the other gender and can before long work together normally.Opinion: In my view being in a co-training school doesn't mean associating with the other gender as it were. It implies that an understudy can keep up an equalization while picking companions and fi gure out how to treat everybody the equivalent. Likewise, I truly believe being in a co-instructive school advances better conduct. Young men are normally harsh ordinarily and young ladies progressively delicate. At the point when both genders collaborate, the young men will in general tone down their conduct so the young ladies will be companions with them.I feel that a few young men in single-sex schools don't have a clue how to carry on when they meet young ladies. Some demonstration like hoodlums or modest away when, indeed, in the event that they were in a co-instructive school, they would be over all that, given the exemptions. Consequently, I imagine that understudies from co-instructive schools will be increasingly developed and will be snappier to adroit to society satisfying the covered up educational plans with a slight wane on the conventional educational program.

Top List of Psychology Research Paper Topics

Top List of Psychology Research Paper Topics When working with your psychology research paper, many students think that the entire process is a bit overwhelming. If you have the same problem, you should understand where to begin your research process and how to find easy psychology research topics to make things much easier and less intimidating. Use efficient tips that can help you organize this piece of writing correctly while improving its content. Although a psychology research paper can be intimidating, it’s not so scary if you try to break it down into easier and more manageable parts. Intro Look for references and useful sources for your psychology research paper and take helpful notes on the important information that you find to end up with a working bibliography. It’s more difficult to organize and cite all sources if you need to look up information all the time. Besides, there’s nothing worse than having a finished draft with essential facts and realize that you can’t track back any sources. When doing your psychology research, take notes about each one, including its title, author, etc. What to describe in essay? Psychology research papers are available in two basic types, so you can go either for: An empirical paper; A literature review approach. The main difference is that an empirical paper should have many research details, provable facts, and relevant experiments. Literature reviews offer and effective tool for you to sum up the empirical activity. If teachers ask you to write them, they usually indicate the studies that can be included in your piece of writing. Look for matching psychology research topics ideas for college students. Reference on how to write psychology research essay If you’ve never completed this academic assignment, it’s necessary to start with the basics. It’s quite similar to other types of papers, but they have specific requirements that must be met. Before you start any psychology research paper, you should learn more about the following: How to structure all paragraphs; What you should write about; What sources to use. Don’t forget to check a grading rubric for your assignment before getting started and follow helpful guidelines. If you need to write a case study, they may vary, but most of them require a description of the chosen issue, discussion of possible treatments, etc. This type of writing can be both interesting and challenging because you receive a great chance to explore and find insights. If teachers ask you to write a psychology lab report, its structure is quite similar to any professional journal article. There are basic rules that you need to follow to provide readers with a concise and clear overview of your experiment or study. Psychology critique papers ask you to give your review of a specific theory, article, etc. Before you submit your psychology research paper, you need to proofread and edit it for all kinds of possible typos and mistakes. Read thoroughly to ensure that it flows well and you structure it logically. Ask other people to spot any mistakes to benefit from a fresh pair of eyes. Essay samples for inspiration To get the inspiration necessary to write a good psychology research paper, look for relevant samples and examples because they will serve as your helpful guides when structuring and drafting this assignment. Tips for writing To ensure that you get the best grades after submitting your psychology research paper, check the following points: A strong thesis that answers important research questions reliably and results in a further inquiry (don’t make any definitive statements and don’t choose any broad or narrow subjects); Citations to give proper credit to all the sources that you use in your essay, or you will be accused of plagiarism and face harsh academic consequences (use quotes and other effective referencing tools in the right format); Clear arguments for every major point to support your thesis statement; Grammar and spelling because mistakes can ruin even the most powerful argument; Assignment directions that should be followed (style, page length, and other requirements). A list of topics for psychology research essay There are many psychology research topics ideas that cover each field involved. This means that you have a number of choices based on your specific interest and area of expertise. Find interesting and easy psychology research topics to submit a good piece of writing. Emotional health What is healthy mental functioning? What do reoccurring dreams mean? Are there any side effects of taking antidepressants? How can colors affect people’s mood? How is it possible to tell that patients are ready to stop taking drugs for anxiety or depression? What is the educational process of becoming a psychiatrist? Are there any efficient natural alternatives to drugs? How can a lack of sleep affect people’s mental state? Can regular exercises improve mental health? Why do kids need to play? What are the main stages of brain development in infants? What is the most effective way to keep the brain healthy with aging? Women and mental health What causes women to have their postpartum depression? Do women have more mental health issues than men? What is the most effective method to prevent postpartum depression? Is this kind of depression a mental sickness? How does infertility affect women’s mental health? How to mental conditions affect women differently? Why do women attempt suicides more than men? What are the common signs of eating disorders? How can parents help daughters improve their mental health? How do relationship issues damage women’s mental state? How is child abuse linked to different mental health issues? Mental illness How can obesity affect mental health? What can cause anorexia? Why do teenagers start cutting themselves? What causes some kids to become self-destructive? Are there any people who have no conscience? Why are mental illnesses common among returning soldiers? How can doctors treat patients with post-traumatic stress syndrome? What is obsessive-compulsive disorder? Which gender has more mental ailments? Is there any genetic basis for people to become violent? How can parents’ divorce affect the mental state of children and students? Can physical violence be forgotten and forgiven? Which country in the world has the highest mental health rates? Is it necessary to make genetic testing necessary for criminals? How are colors related to mental health? Why are many articles mentally unstable? What is sensory deficit disorder and how can it be treated effectively? Are mental conditions genetic? Treatment What is the best treatment for ADHD? How can drugs help a memory loss? How can music help patients with mental disorders? What is bulimia and how should it be treated? How can art therapy help mentally sick patients? Is there any connection between mental health and religion? How can available supplements help with depression? What is neurofeedback therapy and how can it help patients? What happens after people are admitted to mental hospitals? Can animals help people’s mental state? Does marital counseling really work? What is the best way to help mentally sick homeless people? Why do people seek efficient counseling for different life issues? What are the main causes of developing multiple personality disorder? What is its most effective treatment option? How can people with obsessive compulsive disorder be treated effectively? What causes different phobias? Is it possible to overcome fears? What are differences between psychologists, counselors, and psychiatrists? Are minerals and vitamins related to mental health? Can any mental ailments be treated with their help? What mental illnesses can be served by psychiatrists? How to choose a right topic? Once you determine what teachers expect from you, it’s important to choose easy research paper topics for psychology writing. Sometimes, tutors assign specific subjects for students to focus on. If you need to make this choice personally, you should avoid overly broad or general subjects. For instance, focus on writing about insecure attachment styles in the early childhood instead of researching a general subject of attachment. Look for easy psychology research paper topics and narrow them down to concentrate your work, develop a strong thesis, and explore pertinent findings in full. Take the targeted audience into account when making this important choice because your topic should be interesting to readers too. Ensure that you can find enough materials on the chosen subject to write a comprehensive and strong research paper. Avoid overused topic ideas if you want to write about something original. Conclusion Writing a psychology research essay can be an intimidating process. However, if you break it down to smaller steps, it will become more manageable. All you need to do is to start early, choose a substantial subject, conduct your research, and create an effective outline. Take the supporting steps necessary to write a good paper. If you have any difficulties with any of them, use our professional custom paper writing services online. Our qualified and trained specialists are ready to help you whenever you need that. Their top-notch services are available around the clock to all struggling students, and you can order them at quite affordable rates.

Essay on Leadership Vision - 1194 Words

Leadership Vision Chamberlain College of Nursing NR 504: Leadership Nursing Practice Summer Semester 2011 Leadership Vision What is an organization without a vision? The vision objective puts the organizations values and goals into simplified terms every member of the team can understand and share. The same holds true for our own personal goals and aspirations. We should develop our own personal vision statements to ensure we are staying current in the growing changes of nursing and healthcare technology/techniques, to educate and lead in the most efficient means possible. My vision revolves around the mission statement, â€Å"To provide the highest level of care,†¦show more content†¦AORN recognizes the importance of commitment to patient safety as a primary goal (AORN, 2011). The program was launched in 2002 with the goal of directing an approach towards safety activities in compliance with Joint Commission National Patient Safety Goals. (Hunt, 2011). Further, according to Richard B. Willner, President, The Center for Peer Review Justice, Inc., â€Å"The healthcare system in Am erica today has come under attack for a multitude of reasons, including charges that the system has become corrupt due to the advent of HMOs, PPOs, and other â€Å"managed† care systems. Many of the criticisms leveled against our system are grounded in the manner in which citizens are afforded treatment by physicians who try to function in the best possible way in today’s healthcare system. The actions of some physicians may warrant the criticism they receive for overutilization of health care or providing inadequate health care. Others, on the other hand, clearly do not deserve the abuse and maltreatment visited on them by the current Peer Review system utilized in virtually every hospital in America today.† (Willner, 2011). Conclusion In conclusion, I would like to add a critique of my references. Upon gathering empirical evidence, I found that these varied sources appeared to have a â€Å"real† sense of what was happening in the nursing industry today. While all were stressing the importance of quality patientShow MoreRelatedNoble Leadership Vision616 Words   |  3 PagesMy Noble leadership Vision Nowadays a lot of people seeking to understand their leadership vision, Noble leadership vision. And I guess such question rises both in young’s minds and minds of very experienced ones who already went through a lot of events, successful and not really, who still looking for right direction to follow. To be honest I never thought how difficult it would be to define my own leadership vision, but it’s very important for the future success to have clear understanding whoRead MoreA Vision Of School Leadership858 Words   |  4 PagesA Vision of School Leadership in the 21st Century The responsibility of preparing today’s students for tomorrow’s future involves more than orchestrating the curriculum students learn and the teachers who teach it. It involves the ability to employ the leadership styles fluently based on the everyday demands of running a school (Goleman, 2000). 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The Roots Of Higher Education - 1630 Words

Part 1: An explanatory case The roots of higher education in Plymouth may be traced back 200 years. The early nineteen century saw the first of a series of self-help adult educational movements sweep Britain, which led to the establishment of Mechanics Institutes in Plymouth and Devonport in 1825. Classes aided by the Government’s Department of Science and Art were first held in Plymouth in the 1850s (Art) and 1860s (Science), and it were these, with University Extension which eventually came together in the 1890s/1900s in Plymouth’s first technical college buildings, later forming the Plymouth and Devonport Technical College out of which the University of Plymouth would emerge. Plymouth University located in Plymouth, southwest†¦show more content†¦Times Higher Education’s World University Rakings use a trusted rang of 13 performance indicators, and our performance reflects that the University is well and truly on the global map for higher education, and among a new breed of modern elite universities. Moreover, it is the overall sector leader in the People Planet Green League. In 2012, Plymouth University was the first university in the world to be awarded the Social Enterprise Mark in recognition of working as a genuine social enterprise, caring for communities and protecting the planet. The award was announced by the Social Enterprise Mark company, which provides the only officially-defined registration for social enterprise. Plymouth university is a world-class centre for marine renewables and host one of the largest marine institutes in the Europe, with the BREEAM(Building Research Establishment Environment Assessment Methodology) Excellent rated Marine Building opening in 2012. The Marine Institute has attracted  £16.3 million per annum in marine-related teaching income  £5.5 million per annum research income and represents a  £12.8 million gross value added for the city. It is going through times of great change in the higher education sector through: the introduction of higher fees in 2012; changing student demographics and expectations; new

Foster Children Attachment Styles Free Essays

Foster Children Attachment Styles Valencia Bradford University of North Texas Valencia_Bradford@yahoo. com Foster Children Attachment Styles As implied by many physiologist a child’s attachments style is the building blocks to his or her mental development. A child like a structure is sure to crumble if there is a crack in their foundation. We will write a custom essay sample on Foster Children Attachment Styles or any similar topic only for you Order Now Foster children have the potential to stand tall or crumble due to neglect. Attachment styles tend to vary in foster children since they bounce from home to home. In this paper I will discuss the attachment styles foster children share with both their biological and foster parents, as well as the foster child’s potential outcome due to these styles. In order for children to develop both socially and emotionally normal there must be at least one primary caregiver and this is what tends to be the problem with children in foster care. Julia T. Woods author of Interpersonal Communication Everyday Encounters describes attachment styles as â€Å" patterns of caregiving that teach us who we and others are, and how to approach relationships†. Woods, 2007) She also goes on to explain that â€Å"the first bond is especially important because it forms the child’s expectations for later relationships. † Considering the fact that the top reasons for children being placed in foster care are physical abuse, sexual abuse, neglect, medical neglect, parental incarceration, and abandonment it is obvious why many foster children lash o ut. Children who were placed into foster care for these following reasons were more than likely brought up with a fearful attachment style and if not may develop this style if placed in an abusive foster home. Fearful attachment style is defined as being â€Å"cultivated when the caregiver in the first bond in unavailable or communicates in negative rejecting, or even abusive ways to the children†. (Woods, 2007) Children who have undergone forums of rejection from their biological parents and have suffered from physical and or sexual abuse do not always come to terms or lean to cope with their abuse. The foster children then being to act out due to feeling unworthy of love and fearful of relationships. Although the desire to build a meaningful relationship with others may be there, some foster children have learned the dangers these relationships hold and how easily they are destroyed. If the proper guidance is never found or provided foster children with this type of attachment style may grow up to become quit tormented individuals. These children as adults may act out and grow have issues with drug abuse, alcohol abuse, and even self-injurious behaviors. In an article Attachment and Adaptation of Orphans the author Pei-Yung Lane studies foster children and gives an example of an orphans outcome who bounces around from home to home. Pei-Yung Laning calls this child orphan B and states that his issues grew the longer he was in the hands of others besides his parents, ‘ His bad everything include poor school performances, poor interpersonal relations in school. And in his cousin or aunt’s families he was very shy and timid, always leave everybody alone. Besides, he stole in his cousin’s home. (Liang, 2007) Children who come from fearful attachment styles still have the potential to develop mentally healthy if introduced into a foster home where the primary caregiver is loving and uplifting and is later adopted by a family who provides the same nurturing and loving environment. In other words foster children who are introduced secure attachment styles have the potential to prosper more so than those who never receive this type of positive affection. â€Å"A secure attachment style is the caregiver responds in a consistently attentive and loving way to the child. (Woods, 2007) Pei-Young lanes study states that if a child introduced to a secure attachment style before the age of 8years old they have the potential to turn around for the best. As shown in the example with Orphan B. â€Å"The most interesting thing was the original interaction patterns between orphan B and his aunt was aunt and nephew, but from that time on, their interaction patterns became a mother and son. Orphan B changed from bad to well because of a new attachment relations reconstructed.. We propose that a new attachment relations may be reconstructed at least before age 8, in the condition of steady major caregiver who may become a new attachment figure, and when orphan formed a new attachment relations, this attachment relation can help orphan overcome their adaptive problems. † (Laing , 2007) In a situation as tragic as childhood abandonment one can only hope that a child finds this positive guidance. Children who are brought up with this attachment styles grow up to be adults with healthy relationships and do not fear interactions with others and do not block others out emotionally. Adults who were raised with secure attachment styles feel comfortable with standing on their own and not depend on relationships to determine their self-worth. Last but not least Foster Children run the risk of being exposed to anxious or ambivalent attachment styles due to the constant change and instability in their life. A child who is coming from an abusive home into a loving foster home may not know how to mentally cope with this change in environment although positivite. Then you have those cases where children are orphaned due to the deaths of their caregivers and then introduced into a foster home filled with dismissiveness, abuse, and neglect. It is the inconsistency of this attachment style that causes confusion within the child. Foster children with this attachment style tend to be untrusting of strangers and reject comfort as well as project anger towards their primary care giver. â€Å" Children with avoidant attachment styles tend to avoid parents and caregivers. This avoidance often becomes especially pronounced after a period of absence. These children might not reject attention from a parent, but neither do they seek our comfort or contact. Children with an avoidant attachment show no preference between a parent and a complete stranger. † (Cherry, 2010) As these children grow up they become adults who are in a sense detached due to their inconsistent upbringing. A foster child having love in one home and abuse in another can cause them to grow up to be an adults who are unintament as well as unsupportive to both friend and partners dealing with their issues. The inconstancy as a foster child causes them to be unable to express their feelings, emotions, and thoughts with others in adulthood. They do not invest much of themselves emotion into relationships and eventually get to the point where they become somewhat unphased when their relationships crumble. As you have read or may have already known attachment styles profoundly influence and greatly affect the way children both view themselves and the world around them. Foster children being no acceptations to the rule have had to endure so many mental battles placed upon them at a such a young and influential age. From either losing a parent or dealing with abandonment and abuse, everything these children go through affects their perception of the world. From being abused in one home and loved in other adults have the power to determine what kind of adults these children will grow up to be. â€Å"While many experts derided the importance of parental love and affection, Harlow’s experiments offered irrefutable proof that love is vital for normal childhood development. Additional experiments by Harlow revealed the long-term devastation caused by deprivation, leading to profound psychological and emotional distress and even death. This helped influence key changes in how orphanages, adoption agencies, social services groups and child care providers approached the care of children. † ( Cherry, 2010 ) Although there are many attachment styles it seems to be these three that foster children are more commonly presented with and as long as foster systems continue to improve hopefully these children will be able to all have a secure attachment style. WORK CITED BLUM DEBORAH (2002) Love at Goon Park. New York: Perseus Publishing. HARLOW HARRY (1958) The Nature of Love. American Psychologist, 13, 673-685. JULIA T. WOOD(2007) KENDRA CHERRY (2010) http://psychology. about. com/od/loveandattraction/ss/attachmentstyle_5. htm PEI-YUNG LAING (2007) http://ncdr. nat. gov. tw/2icudr/2icudr_cd/PDF/7_1_5. pdf SHERRY L. ANDERS (2005) http://onlinelibrary. wiley. com/doi/10. 1111/j. 1475-6811. 2000. tb00023. x/abstract How to cite Foster Children Attachment Styles, Essay examples

Foster Children Attachment Styles Free Essays

Foster Children Attachment Styles Valencia Bradford University of North Texas Valencia_Bradford@yahoo. com Foster Children Attachment Styles As implied by many physiologist a child’s attachments style is the building blocks to his or her mental development. A child like a structure is sure to crumble if there is a crack in their foundation. We will write a custom essay sample on Foster Children Attachment Styles or any similar topic only for you Order Now Foster children have the potential to stand tall or crumble due to neglect. Attachment styles tend to vary in foster children since they bounce from home to home. In this paper I will discuss the attachment styles foster children share with both their biological and foster parents, as well as the foster child’s potential outcome due to these styles. In order for children to develop both socially and emotionally normal there must be at least one primary caregiver and this is what tends to be the problem with children in foster care. Julia T. Woods author of Interpersonal Communication Everyday Encounters describes attachment styles as â€Å" patterns of caregiving that teach us who we and others are, and how to approach relationships†. Woods, 2007) She also goes on to explain that â€Å"the first bond is especially important because it forms the child’s expectations for later relationships. † Considering the fact that the top reasons for children being placed in foster care are physical abuse, sexual abuse, neglect, medical neglect, parental incarceration, and abandonment it is obvious why many foster children lash o ut. Children who were placed into foster care for these following reasons were more than likely brought up with a fearful attachment style and if not may develop this style if placed in an abusive foster home. Fearful attachment style is defined as being â€Å"cultivated when the caregiver in the first bond in unavailable or communicates in negative rejecting, or even abusive ways to the children†. (Woods, 2007) Children who have undergone forums of rejection from their biological parents and have suffered from physical and or sexual abuse do not always come to terms or lean to cope with their abuse. The foster children then being to act out due to feeling unworthy of love and fearful of relationships. Although the desire to build a meaningful relationship with others may be there, some foster children have learned the dangers these relationships hold and how easily they are destroyed. If the proper guidance is never found or provided foster children with this type of attachment style may grow up to become quit tormented individuals. These children as adults may act out and grow have issues with drug abuse, alcohol abuse, and even self-injurious behaviors. In an article Attachment and Adaptation of Orphans the author Pei-Yung Lane studies foster children and gives an example of an orphans outcome who bounces around from home to home. Pei-Yung Laning calls this child orphan B and states that his issues grew the longer he was in the hands of others besides his parents, ‘ His bad everything include poor school performances, poor interpersonal relations in school. And in his cousin or aunt’s families he was very shy and timid, always leave everybody alone. Besides, he stole in his cousin’s home. (Liang, 2007) Children who come from fearful attachment styles still have the potential to develop mentally healthy if introduced into a foster home where the primary caregiver is loving and uplifting and is later adopted by a family who provides the same nurturing and loving environment. In other words foster children who are introduced secure attachment styles have the potential to prosper more so than those who never receive this type of positive affection. â€Å"A secure attachment style is the caregiver responds in a consistently attentive and loving way to the child. (Woods, 2007) Pei-Young lanes study states that if a child introduced to a secure attachment style before the age of 8years old they have the potential to turn around for the best. As shown in the example with Orphan B. â€Å"The most interesting thing was the original interaction patterns between orphan B and his aunt was aunt and nephew, but from that time on, their interaction patterns became a mother and son. Orphan B changed from bad to well because of a new attachment relations reconstructed.. We propose that a new attachment relations may be reconstructed at least before age 8, in the condition of steady major caregiver who may become a new attachment figure, and when orphan formed a new attachment relations, this attachment relation can help orphan overcome their adaptive problems. † (Laing , 2007) In a situation as tragic as childhood abandonment one can only hope that a child finds this positive guidance. Children who are brought up with this attachment styles grow up to be adults with healthy relationships and do not fear interactions with others and do not block others out emotionally. Adults who were raised with secure attachment styles feel comfortable with standing on their own and not depend on relationships to determine their self-worth. Last but not least Foster Children run the risk of being exposed to anxious or ambivalent attachment styles due to the constant change and instability in their life. A child who is coming from an abusive home into a loving foster home may not know how to mentally cope with this change in environment although positivite. Then you have those cases where children are orphaned due to the deaths of their caregivers and then introduced into a foster home filled with dismissiveness, abuse, and neglect. It is the inconsistency of this attachment style that causes confusion within the child. Foster children with this attachment style tend to be untrusting of strangers and reject comfort as well as project anger towards their primary care giver. â€Å" Children with avoidant attachment styles tend to avoid parents and caregivers. This avoidance often becomes especially pronounced after a period of absence. These children might not reject attention from a parent, but neither do they seek our comfort or contact. Children with an avoidant attachment show no preference between a parent and a complete stranger. † (Cherry, 2010) As these children grow up they become adults who are in a sense detached due to their inconsistent upbringing. A foster child having love in one home and abuse in another can cause them to grow up to be an adults who are unintament as well as unsupportive to both friend and partners dealing with their issues. The inconstancy as a foster child causes them to be unable to express their feelings, emotions, and thoughts with others in adulthood. They do not invest much of themselves emotion into relationships and eventually get to the point where they become somewhat unphased when their relationships crumble. As you have read or may have already known attachment styles profoundly influence and greatly affect the way children both view themselves and the world around them. Foster children being no acceptations to the rule have had to endure so many mental battles placed upon them at a such a young and influential age. From either losing a parent or dealing with abandonment and abuse, everything these children go through affects their perception of the world. From being abused in one home and loved in other adults have the power to determine what kind of adults these children will grow up to be. â€Å"While many experts derided the importance of parental love and affection, Harlow’s experiments offered irrefutable proof that love is vital for normal childhood development. Additional experiments by Harlow revealed the long-term devastation caused by deprivation, leading to profound psychological and emotional distress and even death. This helped influence key changes in how orphanages, adoption agencies, social services groups and child care providers approached the care of children. † ( Cherry, 2010 ) Although there are many attachment styles it seems to be these three that foster children are more commonly presented with and as long as foster systems continue to improve hopefully these children will be able to all have a secure attachment style. WORK CITED BLUM DEBORAH (2002) Love at Goon Park. New York: Perseus Publishing. HARLOW HARRY (1958) The Nature of Love. American Psychologist, 13, 673-685. JULIA T. WOOD(2007) KENDRA CHERRY (2010) http://psychology. about. com/od/loveandattraction/ss/attachmentstyle_5. htm PEI-YUNG LAING (2007) http://ncdr. nat. gov. tw/2icudr/2icudr_cd/PDF/7_1_5. pdf SHERRY L. ANDERS (2005) http://onlinelibrary. wiley. com/doi/10. 1111/j. 1475-6811. 2000. tb00023. x/abstract How to cite Foster Children Attachment Styles, Essay examples

Wrestling with Hemmingway in a Dream

Wrestling with Hemmingway in a Dream-Hallucination Essay I sat outside of the Hogsbreath Saloon with my chin in my hand and a newspaper with a headline about Ernest Hemmingways life being celebrated this coming week in Key West. It was a hot afternoon and I was groggy after being drunk the night before and I wanted to be in my bed, but the little room that my friends and I rented was like an oven in the afternoon tropical heat. I was in Florida on vacation with three of my high school friends and we were supposed to leave Florida for New Jersey the week before, but we got tropical fever and stayed in Key West for a few more nights. We will write a custom essay on Wrestling with Hemmingway in a Dream-Hallucination specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now I was trying to write a piece for a publication called the Rutgers Ruminations on request of my friend turned publisher who wanted an article on the literariness of Key West. The project finally led me to a blue bench outside of Hemmingways Favorite Watering Hole.. I wish that I remembered how it happened, how I dozed off under the sky in front of that bar with my face in the two-page spread recapitulating Hemmingways stay in Key West. I dont remember if it was from the dehydration caused by the alcohol in my system or just the plain heat, but I fell fast asleep on a bench outside the Hogsbreath Saloon in Key West, Florida. Thats where he drinks. Yup, thats it – his barstool and all. He just sits there alone all afternoon and drinks Black-label and writes in those three-penny notebooks he has there. Never smokes though. Constantly boasts about how much he drinks and how many women he has been with Who are you I asked. He didnt answer the question, but he pointed toward the door of the bar. Get out of here! I am triple the man you are and can drink whiskey long past the time you hit the floor. You heard me pantywaist, get the hell out of here! Out of the bar! A barrel-chested Hemmingway bellowed out of the dark doorway. Then he retreated back into the shady confines of the saloon. The air was silent and sad, almost painful. I watched intently. Moving from the bench to the door of the dusky bar I caught a sight of Hemmingway huge upon his barstool. He was muttering something underneath his breath when he slammed the glass down on the bar and yelled something at the waitress. The man who pointed Hemmingway out followed me from the bench to the doorway and whispered, Yup that is Ernest Hemmingway. The great writer. Great bullfighter. The best fisherman. Winner of the Pulitzer, a legend for all time. Right then a woman approached Hemmingway and he turned and hit her in a drunken swing of his burly arm. The man continued, He gets drunk. Forgets what he is doing, but he doesnt mean anything by it. Hes a great writer. I thought that he looked pathetic and drunk. He looked like a balloon from all the alcohol and he sweated profusely through his shirt. He was alone in the bar. He stumbled off of his stool at the corner of the bar and fell over trying to hit a man passing to the restroom. His pen left his hand and slid across the dusty wood floor of the bar. A gentle rain like a sea breeze woke me from my dream and I got up off of the bench and headed to the saloon door. To get my reality straight I checked the corner of the bar. He wasnt there and I headed back to my room to meet my friends and put my pen away for a little while.

How to Answer “Why Have You Had So Many Jobs”

How to Answer â€Å"Why Have You Had So Many Jobs† You’re sitting in the interview, and things are going fine, when the hiring manager looks up from your resume, eyebrow raised, and asks the question you’ve been dreading: â€Å"You’ve had an awful lot of jobs, haven’t you? Can you walk me through that?† DO understand why this is a potential red flag.You probably had reasons for every job switch on your resume. The interviewer doesn’t know that- all he or she knows is what’s printed in black and white on that fancy cream-colored stock. He or she doesn’t know if you’ve been fired from every position you’ve ever held, or if you’re a serial quitter when a shinier new opportunity comes along. Before they can hire you, they need to get a solid sense of your employment history to help determine whether you’re a good bet for this company. If you look like a flight risk, the company might not be willing to make that investment in you.DON’T assume this m akes you look bad by default.The fact that the interviewer is calling attention to your, uh, varied history is not meant to make you feel ashamed, like some kind of job floozy. If you’re asked to clarify (or even just given an opening to do so), take a deep breath and make sure you have an elevator pitch-style explanation.DO make sure you have context for all of it.A shoulder shrug or a long, awkward pause is the least helpful response you can give here. Be prepared to talk about why you have a variety of jobs listed over a short(ish) amount of time.DON’T make stuff up.If you’re asked about the jobs you’ve listed on your resume, be honest. You don’t have to give every gory detail about why you left a particular job, but if you stick to the broad outlines you should be okay. For example: I was let go due to a company restructuring at XYZ Corp, and it wasn’t until I landed at the Elite Agency the following year that I felt like I was back on t rack, professionally.It’s okay to admit that you left jobs in the past because they weren’t a great fit for your professional goals, but be sure to reiterate that you see this current opportunity as having long-term potential.DO consider revising your resume to edit out some job change details.Do you really need every single one of your jobs on there? If you have entries on your resume that lasted less than a year, think about whether that job really adds relevance to your history. If you’re not using anyone from that job as a reference and it wasn’t a major cornerstone of your relevant experience, then consider dropping it.For example, this block of your resume†¦Edgy.com Marketing Coordinator, March 2010 – February 2012 Whirlwind Inc. Marketing Coordinator, February 2012 – November 2012 MakeAMatch.com Social Media Director, November 2012 – June 2014†¦could be narrowed down to this:Edgy.com Marketing Coordinator, 2010 â€⠀œ 2012 MakeAMatch.com Social Media Director, 2012 – 2014This way, you’ve smoothed over an interim job that looks like an odd blip, without leaving a gap. This can also avoid awkward explanations about why you left that middle job so soon.If this question comes up in your interview, take heart- it’s not necessarily a dealbreaker. It’s a conversational opening to give context and explain how those jobs turned you into the stellar candidate you are today.

Inning, Innings, and the Seventh-Inning Stretch

Inning, Innings, and the Seventh-Inning Stretch Inning, Innings, and the Seventh-Inning Stretch Inning, Innings, and the Seventh-Inning Stretch By Maeve Maddox In the games of baseball and cricket, opposing teams take turns batting a ball. A baseball game is divided into nine innings during which each team has a turn at bat. Each half of an inning ends with the third out. (An out occurs when a player strikes out or is tagged between bases.) I’ll let Merriam-Webster explain the cricket term innings: innings (noun): plural but singular or plural in construction :   a division of a cricket match in which one side continues batting until ten players are retired or the side declares; also :  the time a player stays as a batsman until he is out, until ten teammates are out, or until his side declares. Both terms have given rise to figurative expressions. In reference to cricket, the term â€Å"to have one’s innings† can mean simply, â€Å"to have one’s turn at something.† Spoken of someone who dies at an advanced age, â€Å"to have a good innings,† means, â€Å"to have a long and successful life.† Here are some examples of the figurative use of innings: The men had their innings in a revival of George Bernard Shaw’s Don Juan in Hell, performed as a staged reading in the style designed by Charles Laughton in 1952. Berry told the Radio Times: I have no desire to be a centenarian. I think 90 is a great time. Youve had a good innings.† From baseball comes the expression â€Å"the seventh-inning stretch.† The ritual of the seventh-inning stretch is described in a letter dated 1869: The spectators all arise between halves of the seventh inning, extend their legs and arms and sometimes walk about. In so doing they enjoy the relief afforded by relaxation from a long posture upon hard benches. Chicago Cubs fans have been singing â€Å"Take Me Out to the Ballgame† during the seventh-inning stretch since 1982. It’s often referred to as â€Å"the seventh-inning song.† In researching this post, I discovered that some baseball fans are a bit confused about what to call this traditional interlude: Incorrect: The  seventh ending stretch  came and to our surprise an announcement was being made over the loud speakers and a message appeared on the scoreboard. Correct : The  seventh-inning stretch  came and to our surprise an announcement was being made over the loud speakers and a message appeared on the scoreboard. Incorrect: In typical fashion, the third quarter seemed like a seventh ending stretch. Bear and I both took several catnaps due to the lackluster performance of both teams. Correct : In typical fashion, the third quarter seemed like a seventh-inning stretch. Bear and I both took several catnaps due to the lackluster performance of both teams. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Expressions category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Has vs. HadRound vs. Around75 Synonyms for â€Å"Hard†

Are connectionist models and symbolic models competing or Essay

Are connectionist models and symbolic models competing or complementary appraoaches to artificial intelligence - Essay Example Both these approaches have their supporters who have used them to show the various benefits which can be derived from taking different viewpoint to AI (Minsky, 1991). At the same time, there are those who have said that the approaches are complimentary and do not compete with each other. To justify these statements it is necessary to take a look at each approach to see how it works. The symbolic approach is based on the creation of AI models that work with symbol manipulation. Computation is based on the fact that a symbol or a group of symbols can be arranged in a manner to represent information. Once the order or position of symbols is changed, the information can also be updated to reflect the changing environment. It must be noted that in this approach a symbol can represent any type or nature of information and the symbols can be modified if required (Bader & Hitzler, 2005). Thus a symbol here represents an idea which has certain basic premises but which can be modified by the machine based on experience or intelligent action. This process of symbol manipulation can be very successful if the AI process is being applied to well-structured problems. That means if the symbols are predefined for the AI system, it can modify the associated parameters based on its own experience and manipulation of the symbols (Bader & Hitzler, 2005). This method seeks to replicate the higher order thinking processes of the human mind which has the same ability to modify and learn from experiences as they are collected in a person’s memory. However, this approach has certain failings as well since it is difficult to grasp commonsense reality with this approach. On the other hand, the connectionist models for AI are based on the idea of using a large number of relatively simple units which can handle extremely difficult and

I Need Time Management Advice Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

I Need Time Management Advice - Research Paper Example The steady decline is attributed to increased efficiency due to high level of technology, student evaluations methods and poor study habit among students. The students join colleges after they have achieved very good grades and above average performances leading to very high expectations but this are not to be realized in the long run because they fail to study immediately they set their feet on campus. The decline in the time of study affects all students equally irrespective of their race, sex, age, school size or their past performance. This is not limited to the type of school or the competency of the lecturers but the trend of the decline is widespread all over according to the research by the two economic professors which has elicited a number of varied reactions with some people doubting its accuracy. However the bottom line is that the declining trends is enormous and requires to be addressed urgently. Many reasons attributed to the trend include internet use, technological changes and change in campus demographic patterns, a claim that the two professors are quick to refute and instead they say that lack of challenge between both students and the lectures is the main contributing factor. There is a general decline in the workload that is given to students and as result they have a lot of free time to indulge in other activities other than personal studies and lack o self motivation to study. A research by Cooperative Institutional Research Program, or CIRP indicates that students develop poor study habits before they get to campus after which the trend worsens. Some have argued that the changing social patterns are responsible for the decline in the study time since some students are usually engaged in more than one activity at the time they are in campus as opposed to the early years where students devoted all their time to studies while in campus. It is also argued that technological advancements have

Wealth and Beauty Equals Popularity in Beverly Hills 90210 :: Media Argumentative Persuasive Argument

Wealth and Beauty Equals Popularity in Beverly Hills 90210 Every teenager who has attended high school can relate to the pressures that come from the desire to be popular. It’s normal for teens to feel the need to be in the â€Å"in crowd† and to fit in with the â€Å"beautiful people.† Television shows help contribute to this â€Å"need† to fit in. One such show, Beverly Hills 90210, is based on beautiful teenage characters, most of whom are wealthy and, coincidentally, popular. In today’s society there is a shared cultural belief that in order to be popular high school students must be wealthy and beautiful. The show both challenges and reinforces this cultural belief by offering characters like Kelly Taylor, who is a beautiful, California blonde who seems to lead an ideal life. She is one of the most popular girls at West Beverly High (partly because she was able to afford a nose job). Beautiful people such as Steve Sanders--a wealthy, snobbish womanizer--constantly surround her. A character who challenges this belief is Andrea Zuckerman, an intelligent, middle-class student who is more concerned about her grades than her appearance. And there are also the twins from Minnesota, Brenda and Brandon Walsh, who are not instantly popular; rather, they use their personalities (and their good looks), not their wealth, to fit in. On the outside Kelly, Steve, and even Brandon and Brenda seem to be happy because they are popular and because they lead fairly normal lives. But the well-seasoned viewer knows that these are just transparent beliefs. These beautiful teens do not lead perfect lives. The show has some cultural significance: seemingly superficial characters have complexities that are not obvious at a first glance. In fact, Kelly is ashamed of how she lost her virginity and the fact that her mother is an alcoholic. She is unexpectedly conscientious; she was concerned about her SAT scores. Kelly also proved to be a good friend to Brenda after she threw her a surprise going away party when the Walsh family was planning to move back to Minnesota. Kelly seems so self-absorbed on the outside but at the same time she is constantly trying to help her friends overcome obstacles. Steve also contributed to the going away party.

Nodody Won Essay

Abstract When the Arthur Andersen LLP/Enron scandal surfaced in 2001, there was much confusion as to whom committed what crime and how many employees were actually involved. After the facts and criminal charges were final, the sequence of events makes sense; the union of two companies, the rise of the participating executives, and finally the end of the money ride. The leaders of both companies used dishonesty to make an abundant amount of money and gain power status (Thomas 2002). Christopher Bergland said it best when he wrote, â€Å"Karma is a boomerang and the long-term shame and anxiety of cheating will ultimately negate the short-term gains of victory,† . This definitely held true for the employees who were disgraced at the conclusion of the legal proceedings; they may have had more money than they needed, but they ultimately lost in the end. The Beginning The joining between Arthur Andersen LLP and Enron was a marriage too good to be true . The relationship started in 1986 when Enron hired the accounting firm Arthur Andersen LLP to perform â€Å"creative accounting,† allowing the energy company to appear more powerful on paper than it really was . Enron Corporation started investing massive amounts of money in â€Å"Special Purpose Entities† to generate huge amounts of revenues. Special Purpose Entities are creative ways for companies to more efficiently raise debt, but they also make it tougher for investors to decipher a company’s actual debt exposure . Company Backgrounds Both companies were built on determination, dedication, and hard work. The founder, Arthur Andersen, who was orphaned at the age of 16, worked as a mailboy during the day and attended school at night. By the age of 23, he became the youngest CPA in Illinois. A mere five years later he started his own accounting firm . The same mind set Andersen possessed in his teen years carried over to his adult life. He realized the key to his business succeeding was by â€Å"†¦promoting integrity and sound audits†¦Ã¢â‚¬  . Enron was founded on the same characteristics plus a few others: pride, arrogance, and greed. Kenneth Lay wanted to have the largest money making company he could and succeeded by pushing for deregulation of the power industry. In 1985, Mr. Lay took advantage of the government’s decision to let gas prices fluctuate/float with the currents of the market. By doing this, Enron grew from 10 billion to 65 billion in assets in 16 years . Lay had visions of what he wanted Enron to be and then sold them to his staff. Hitting it Big In order for a new idea to be successful, a leader with self-assurance and confidence must be present. Mr. Lay found these qualities present in Jeffrey Skilling and hired him as a Chief Executive Officer. Skilling believed in the survival of the fittest. He had an opinion that money is the only incentive that motivated people and he created a competitive, ruthless, and cutthroat workplace. Skilling implemented the Performance Review Committee. Performance Review Committee, or PRC, is an employee evaluation system which graded workers from 1-5, 5 being the lowest and resulting in dismissal from the company. The Enron staff knew it better as â€Å"rank and yank† . One employee who was a trader was quoted saying, â€Å"†¦if I can get a $5 million bonus for stepping on someone’s toes, I’ll stomp on their throat†¦Ã¢â‚¬  . Both companies worked hard to build a reputation. Andersen expected all of his staff to be honest and always to put the client’s needs in front of their own agenda unless it involved falsifying documentations. Early in the company’s beginning, Mr. Andersen was faced with a moral decision concerning fabricating records for a client. Andersen, with his integrity intact, refused . The firm continued with the â€Å"think straight and talk straight† tradition after the death of Andersen and through the transition of promoted employee Leonard Spacek .With Spacek at the controls, the company continued to thrive while remaining committed to the regimented management style of the founder . Offices were opened throughout the United States, then ultimately around the world. At this point, the firm started consulting as well as offering audits. Under Spacek’s supervision, Arthur Andersen LLP became one the most prominent accounting firms labeling them as one of the â€Å"Big Five† . The company grew so immensely that Spacek had to turn down clients. Enron had the same growth spurt as Andersen. In a few short years, the company became the seventh largest corporation. It was touted as being led by the best and the brightest . Ken Lay, Cliff Baxter, Jeff Skilling, and Lou Pi were men who thought they were unstoppable. These ruthless leaders took huge risks in order to make money. They were failing miserably, but Ken Lay reported otherwise to the public. He said in news conferences that Enron was thriving and prospering because of his staff’s willingness to take risks. With the growing of both firms, it was evident that structural changes were needed. Structural Changes at Andersen The client load for Andersen was becoming too much for just one company. It was evident that balancing the commitment to auditing while adding a consulting practice was so much of a struggle that Arthur Andersen LLP decided to create another division within the company. In the mid-1980’s, the majority of Andersen’s revenues were being generated from the consulting fees, but were still being dispersed with the accounting side . This caused a strain between the two parties. The consultants felt since they were contributing more to the company their salaries should be increased. The only solution was to change the current organizational structure and create two divisions. Andersen Consulting along with Arthur Andersen LLP became subunits of Andersen Worldwide Organization . Spacek, like his predecessor, was a leader who liked to be seen by his staff, was well informed of business dealings, and continued to encourage honesty. Being decentralized allowed the decision-making to be made by the divisions, branches, departments, or subsidiaries . Both parts of Andersen Worldwide Organization could operate however they chose and make their own decisions, including which clients they took on. Ultimately, it was the accounting division that took on Enron. How the Two Companies Fit Enron officials knew that Andersen had made some questionable decisions in the past and were coming off of a quiet lawsuit that involved some â€Å"creative accounting† . Andersen fit the profile that Skilling knew he needed in order for his visions to work. With Andersen being divided up into two divisions, Spacek could not control what was happening in both sides of the firm. Lay, on the other hand, knew exactly what his executives were doing . Enron hired the accounting firm to make the energy company to appear more powerful on paper than it really was . Enron Corporation started investing massive amounts of money in â€Å"Special Purpose Entities† to generate huge amounts of revenues. Special Purpose Entities are creative ways for companies to more efficiently raise debt, but they also make it tougher for investors to decipher a company’s actual debt exposure . They were also using mark-to-market to book potential future profits regardless of actual money. Profits were whatever Enron said they were based on hypothetical future value or HFV. Mike Muckleroy, a former Enron executive, warned Mr. Lay of the risks associated with betting on the oil market, but Lay did not change any policies or procedures. In fact, he approved of the current behaviors. Lay sent out a memo to his executives saying to keep up the good work. As long as money was being made, he chose to ignore the dishonesty. The money ride came to a sudden halt in 2001. For approximately sixteen years, Arthur Andersen LLP would audit Enron’s financial statements. Not only would the accounting firm provide external audit services, but also handle the internal auditing processes as well. As Enron’s revenues dramatically increased year after year, the paperwork and audit information had to match accordingly. Enron needed Arthur Andersen’s employees to make the visual parallel happen and compensated them millions of dollars for their services. At one time, Arthur Andersen LLP had approximately one hundred people assigned distinctively to Enron. There had become such a significant amount of work that accounting offices were designated for the accounting employees and staff was transferred to Enron’s headquarters in Houston. Eventually, the responsibility of Enron’s Chicago and London locations were added to their caseloads making Enron one of Arthur Andersen LLP’s largest clients worldwide . Pump-n-Dump Top leaders in both firms were making an obscene amount of money. An anonymous tip was given to authorities about former President of Enron, Louis Borget. It was said he had taken over three million dollars of corporate funds and put it into his own account, and that was just the beginning. Enron reported a loss in the third quarter earnings at the same time as a reduction of stockholder equity. Former CEO Jeff Skiing, current CEO Kenneth Lay, and other executives started to sell large amounts of Enron stock as prices dropped from $90 to less than a dollar; this practice was called â€Å"pump-n-dump† . This scheme allowed top executives to push the stock prices up then cash in their multimillion dollar options. Lou Pi was the leader for Enron Energy Services at the time and after he sold his stock using this method, he made profited $250 million . Selling of this much stock gained attention of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission which led to an investigation. It was apparent that a divorce, a trial, and probably prison time was in the near future for Arthur Andersen LLP and Enron leaders who were involved. No matter what the outcome of the trial was going to be, the once impeccable Arthur Andersen and powerhouse Enron were doomed companies because the damage had already been done. Crumbling Companies Andersen’s company, once led by an honest, visible leader who was filled with integrity by making ethical choices was now being led by greedy, selfish executives who saw dollar signs instead of morals. Andersen’s reputation was ruined and finding clients was going to be next to impossible because of the publicity the scandal received. David Duncan who was responsible for the Enron audit, was fired by Arthur Andersen LLP for mass destruction of Enron documents and Enron relieved Arthur Andersen LLP of all accounting and auditing duties . Even though Arthur Andersen pled not guilty to the charges brought against them, the final decision of the courts was Arthur Andersen LLP was found guilty of obstruction of justice and received five years probation, had to pay a $500,000 fine, lost their license in the state of Texas, and ceased their auditing services. Resulting in a devastating loss of clientele and over 7,000 workers had to find new jobs . More people were affected by Enron’s outcome than that of Arthur Andersen’s. After the investigation, Enron filed bankruptcy, over 20,000 people lost jobs, many officials served a prison sentence, and shareholders lost tens of billions of dollars . As officials dug deeper into the scam, recovered documents and many of the testimonies revealed many banks were guilty as well. Bank employees detailed how the banks engineered fake transactions to keep billions of dollars of debt off Enron’s balance sheet and create the illusion of increasing earnings and operating cash flow . As a result, stricter accounting laws regarding audits were later passed by the SEC . Conclusion In this situation, having a leader who exhibits good judgment, morals, ethical conduct, and integrity can strengthen an alliance within a work place. When Arthur Andersen and Leonard Spacek were the supervisors, Arthur Andersen LLP was a major company with a flawless reputation that was completely shattered by a few employees who did not exemplify such characteristics as the former leaders. Arthur Andersen LLP split into two separate divisions, which I think was the correct move because the company was growing and the current staff could not handle the clientele load. In order for the split to work, though, both units needed supervisors like what the company was founded on; managers who could be trusted and held accountable. If I was a partner in Andersen and realized what was being committed, I would have tried to put an end to it. Maybe if someone had the gumption to stand up for what was right, many jobs could have been saved and investor’s money would not have been lost. Enron, on the other hand, was dishonest from the beginning and it was only a matter of time before the leaders were caught of wrong doings. Enron, in my opinion, was being led by the inspiring leaders with excellent leadership skills and work ethics; they just did not have the morals to go with it. Mr. Borget was the first to get caught; Ken Lay was aware of Borget’s actions, but ignored it because he was not incriminated or even suspected yet, but as history reveals, his time was coming . Finally several years later, Lay and his associates received their forthcoming. In the 2001 trial, Ken Lay was charged with 11 criminal acts. Jeff Skilling was sentenced to prison and to this day still claims he did nothing wrong, Cliff Baxter committed suicide before he was to appear in court, and Lou Pi lost 6 million in an insurance policy from the corporation, but never saw any jail time . Had Andersen Worldwide Organization declined on Enron’s business proposal, the accounting firm may have continued to grow and possibly dominate the number’s world. From my point of view, this scandal was a lose-lose situation to everybody involved, from entry level positions all the way up to Chief Executive Officers. Enron became a major power-house in sixteen years and only took 24 days to collapse and go bankrupt . A devastating ending to both firms; several criminal charges were filed against numerous employees, hearings were held, and the companies which were built on ambition and drive were destroyed and are no longer are in existence. In this case, nobody won. References Answers. (2012). Retrieved from Advantages and disadvantages of centralization and decentralization?: http://wiki.answers.com/Q/Advantages_and_disadvantages_of_centralization_and_decentralization BBC. (2003). The Enron Affair. Retrieved from BBC News: http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/in_depth/business/2002/enron/ Bergland, C. (2012). Cheater’s Never Win. Psychology Today. Brickley, J., Smith, C. & Zimmerman, J. (2009). Managerial Economis and Organizational Architecture (5th Ed.). Boston, MA: McGraw-Hill Irwin. Byrne, T. (2002). Special- Purpose Entities Are Often A Clever Way to Raise Debt Levels. Retrieved from nyu.edu: http://pages.stern.nyu.edu/~adamodar/New_Home_Page/articles/specpurpentity.htm Findlaw. (2003). Indictment (US v. Arthur Andersen, LLP). Retrieved from News: http://news.findlaw.com/hdocs/docs/enron/usandersen030702ind.html FundingUniverse. (2005). Anderson History. Retrieved from FundingUniverse: http://www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/andersen-history/ Geller, R. (2002). Background of the Banks’ Role in the Enron Debacle. Retrieved from The Enron Fraud: http://www.enronfraud.com/ Gibney, A. (Director). (2004). Enron-Smartest Guys in the Room [Motion Picture]. Houston Chronicle. (2002, April 19). Hot Topic Anderson. Houston Chronicle. Investopedia. (2011). The Enron Collapse: A Look back. Retrieved from Investopedia: http://www.investopedia.com/financial-edge/1211/The-Enron-Collapse-A-Look-Back.aspx#axzz23riaPOrn NewsHour. (2002). Enron: After the Collapse. Retrieved from PBS: http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/business/enron/player6.html Thomas, W. (2002). The Rise and Fall of Enron. Retrieved from Journal of Accountancy: http://www.journalofaccountancy.com/Issues/2002/Apr/TheRiseAndFallOfEnron.htm Wikipedia. (2012). Arthur Anderson. Retrieved from Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Andersen

Social Inequality - 1778 Words

Social inequality refers to a situation in which individual groups in a society do not have equal social status, social class, and social circle. Areas of social inequality include voting rights,freedom of speech and assembly, the extent of property rights and access to education, health care, quality housing, traveling, transportation, vacationing and other social goods and services. Apart from that it can also be seen in the quality of family and neighbourhood life, occupation, job satisfaction, and access to credit. If these economic divisions harden, they can lead to social inequality. The reasons for social inequality can vary, but are often broad and far reaching. Social inequalities exist between races, classes and countries. The†¦show more content†¦Women are underrepresented in political activities and decision making processes throughout most of the world. It is important to increase enrollment rates in school for girls and ensure they have safe, stable and good quality education. Women’s participation in work has been increasing globally, but women are faced with wage discrepancies and differences compared to what men earn. This is true globally even in the agricultural and rural sector in developed as well as developing countries. Structural impediments to women s ability to pursue and advance in their chosen professions often result in a phenomenon known as the glass ceiling, which refers to unseen - and often unacknowledged barriers that prevent minorities and women from rising to the upper rungs of the corporate ladder, regardless of thei r qualifications or achievements. This effect can be seen in the corporate and bureaucratic environments of many countries, lowering the chances of women to excel. It prevents women from succeeding and making the maximum use of their potential, which is at a cost for women as well as the society’s development. Ensuring that women s rights are protected and endorsed can promote a sense of belonging that motivates women to contribute to their society. Once able to work, women should be titled to the same job security and safe working environments as men. 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